Generally, a logic board is a computer component made by the renowned company Apple for Macintosh computers and is also known as the motherboard for other computer platforms.
It is the main board that harbors all the necessary components within it for building interconnection between other peripheral devices. A logic board consists of numerous connectors and ports to connect and attach various components like processors, different cards, RAM, PCI components, HDD, etc.
There are different models of logic boards available on the market. You should purchase the one that offers most precise facilities and options. You can search for your desired logic board by manufacturer's brand from Fujitsu, Xerox, IBM, HP, Intermec.
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Monday, December 19, 2011
Flash Memory And It's Use
Flash memory is a kind of computer storage media that is also non-volatile in nature. It consists of a number of memory cells where the information is stored. Usually, in each cell just one bit of data is stored. But newer flash memories are available that are capable of storing more than one bit of information.
There are various types of flash memories with different capacity and transfer rates.
Flash memory is reliable for data storage in various electronic devices such as computers, printers, game consoles and digital cameras. BIOS chips in motherboards, Compact Flash, Smart Media and Memory Stick for digital cameras and different memory cards for game consoles use flash memory. Nowadays, flash memory is also known as solid state storage device that is used in a similar way we use a hard drive.
By: Raihan
There are various types of flash memories with different capacity and transfer rates.
Flash memory is reliable for data storage in various electronic devices such as computers, printers, game consoles and digital cameras. BIOS chips in motherboards, Compact Flash, Smart Media and Memory Stick for digital cameras and different memory cards for game consoles use flash memory. Nowadays, flash memory is also known as solid state storage device that is used in a similar way we use a hard drive.
By: Raihan
Advantages of Flash Memory Cards
Flash memory (compact flash memory) is a non volatile storage memory. It has been developed from EEPROM and uses NAND and NOR memory types. This kind of memory is rising in its popularity due to its fairly high speed and reliability. Flash memory does not have any moving mechanical parts like hard drives. They are available in compact physical forms like memory cards, usb drives etc.
USB portable flash drives are found to significantly increase the speed of booting and reduce boot time. They are shock resistant and are not affected by interference as badly as hard drives. This kind of technology is available in compact usb datastick forms which is the size of a keychain. It is a high speed memory and it can be connected to the computer through usb interface.
Flash is now the kind of memory used in mobile devices. They are also available in minute physical forms like memory cards which are very thin and small.
USB portable flash drives are found to significantly increase the speed of booting and reduce boot time. They are shock resistant and are not affected by interference as badly as hard drives. This kind of technology is available in compact usb datastick forms which is the size of a keychain. It is a high speed memory and it can be connected to the computer through usb interface.
Flash is now the kind of memory used in mobile devices. They are also available in minute physical forms like memory cards which are very thin and small.
Why the tape media is mostly used for back up purposes?
Tape drives are a form of digital storage devices which use tape for information recording. Because of the cost effective nature of the tape material and their long archival life, tape drives are widely used for backup and archival purposes. A tape drive cannot be accessed randomly like with the hard drives to read a particular piece of data. However, the tape drives can stream data very fast once they are positioned to the particular data point. Because of this factor, tape drives cannot be used for daily storage purposes. There are many formats available for storage of digital information on tape drives. Some of the popular ones are DDS (Digital Data Storage), AIT (Advanced intelligent tape) introduced by Sony and many others. These formats have several generations. AIT is a high speed format for data storage on tapes.
The raw data capacity of tape drives is fixed. However, more amounts of data can be stored on them by using compression. Most of the tape drives have a compression ratio of 2:1. Some tape drives when used with only certain data types can achieve a compression of about 10:1 also. Tape drives can be connected to the computer by using a SCSI interface or other common types as firewire and usb. The reliability according to the recently conducted surveys is not good. Most companies do not test or try to recover from tape archives and some companies that do experienced 77 % failure in achieving a backup of stored data. So, many of the companies in 2011 are starting to move from a tape based back-up solution to a disk based solution.
A large collection of tapes in a huge structure with a mechanical tape loading device is called a tape library. Tape libraries are used for heavy data archival needs like that of financial records of a company. These data facilities take up a lot of money to setup and maintain. A tape library is a digital archive that can store huge amounts of data ranging from several TB to few PetaByte or few 1000 TBs. A trade off exists for higher storage capacities. The access time becomes slower because of mechanical parts and machines when the storage amount increases. Tape autoloaders are tape library devices with a single drive. There are several software technologies for operation of tape libraries. Some of them include open source tape library softwares like AMANDA, Bacula, and the minimal mtx program.
By: Sandeep Mahanthi
The raw data capacity of tape drives is fixed. However, more amounts of data can be stored on them by using compression. Most of the tape drives have a compression ratio of 2:1. Some tape drives when used with only certain data types can achieve a compression of about 10:1 also. Tape drives can be connected to the computer by using a SCSI interface or other common types as firewire and usb. The reliability according to the recently conducted surveys is not good. Most companies do not test or try to recover from tape archives and some companies that do experienced 77 % failure in achieving a backup of stored data. So, many of the companies in 2011 are starting to move from a tape based back-up solution to a disk based solution.
A large collection of tapes in a huge structure with a mechanical tape loading device is called a tape library. Tape libraries are used for heavy data archival needs like that of financial records of a company. These data facilities take up a lot of money to setup and maintain. A tape library is a digital archive that can store huge amounts of data ranging from several TB to few PetaByte or few 1000 TBs. A trade off exists for higher storage capacities. The access time becomes slower because of mechanical parts and machines when the storage amount increases. Tape autoloaders are tape library devices with a single drive. There are several software technologies for operation of tape libraries. Some of them include open source tape library softwares like AMANDA, Bacula, and the minimal mtx program.
By: Sandeep Mahanthi
What is a tape autoloader and How to manually unlock magazine from HP tape autoloader?
An autoloader is a data storage device that uses tape for storage of digital information. An autoloader is basically a tape library with a single drive. It is mainly used for data back-up purposes. A tape library is a huge collection of tapes operated by a mechanical device to load the required tape in to the drive for access. Usually, tape drives are implemented in stages of digital archiving. For example, the requirement of data archiving of a company’s customer information. Tape libraries can range from a single drive autoloaders to multi-storey huge capacity data storage facility operated by robotic arms for mechanical loading. Such facilities have high costs and are for professional purposes. Tape Autoloader is a general purpose tape library as it has only a single drive.
Tape Autoloaders are cost-effective and easy-to-install devices which provide unattended backup. These devices are ideal for an entry-level or remote office automated backup solution. Tape autoloaders generally have a form factor of few rack units for their incorporation in to rack shelves. They provide huge data storage capacities of about several TBs. Some of these Tape autoloaders can be operated remotely via internet. So, one can configure, monitor or troubleshoot the device remotely. This will reduce dependency on the local staff and local operators. Some good tape autoloaders also provide encryption facility to encrypt your secret and confidential data so that if the tape drive is stolen or lost, then your information will be protected. They also provide softwares which continuously optimize and monitor the operational performance of the tape autoloader.
HP tape autoloaders have good features in a price effective fashion. If in a HP tape autoloader or any other tape autoloader, the tape is struck in the storage module, it is necessary to remove the tape and the magazine from the autoloader manually. Firstly, to do this, we need to move the tapes in to the magazine using Move Tape command. Then, use the magazine removal process of the autoloader device to remove the magazine from it. If this is not possible, then we can try to manually remove the magazine from device by inserting a finger in the hole at the back of the magazine. Some tapes need to be inserted and removed several times to condition them for free movement in and out of the magazine.
By: Sandeep Mahanthi
Tape Autoloaders are cost-effective and easy-to-install devices which provide unattended backup. These devices are ideal for an entry-level or remote office automated backup solution. Tape autoloaders generally have a form factor of few rack units for their incorporation in to rack shelves. They provide huge data storage capacities of about several TBs. Some of these Tape autoloaders can be operated remotely via internet. So, one can configure, monitor or troubleshoot the device remotely. This will reduce dependency on the local staff and local operators. Some good tape autoloaders also provide encryption facility to encrypt your secret and confidential data so that if the tape drive is stolen or lost, then your information will be protected. They also provide softwares which continuously optimize and monitor the operational performance of the tape autoloader.
HP tape autoloaders have good features in a price effective fashion. If in a HP tape autoloader or any other tape autoloader, the tape is struck in the storage module, it is necessary to remove the tape and the magazine from the autoloader manually. Firstly, to do this, we need to move the tapes in to the magazine using Move Tape command. Then, use the magazine removal process of the autoloader device to remove the magazine from it. If this is not possible, then we can try to manually remove the magazine from device by inserting a finger in the hole at the back of the magazine. Some tapes need to be inserted and removed several times to condition them for free movement in and out of the magazine.
By: Sandeep Mahanthi
Apple Logic Boards
Generally, a logic board is a computer component made by the renowned company Apple for Macintosh computers and is also known as the motherboard for other computer platforms.
It is the main board that harbors all the necessary components within it for building interconnection between other peripheral devices. A logic board consists of numerous connectors and ports to connect and attach various components like processors, different cards, RAM, PCI components, HDD, etc.
There are different models of logic boards available on the market. You should purchase the one that offers most precise facilities and options. You can search for your desired logic board by manufacturer's brand from Fujitsu, Xerox, IBM, HP, Intermec.
It is the main board that harbors all the necessary components within it for building interconnection between other peripheral devices. A logic board consists of numerous connectors and ports to connect and attach various components like processors, different cards, RAM, PCI components, HDD, etc.
There are different models of logic boards available on the market. You should purchase the one that offers most precise facilities and options. You can search for your desired logic board by manufacturer's brand from Fujitsu, Xerox, IBM, HP, Intermec.
Can one recover data from a failed drive in RAID 0 array?
RAID stands for redundant array of independent disks. There are various RAID implementations, some built for boosting the performance, some for increasing the redundancy of the data and some others for achieving both. RAID 0 is built solely for performance boosting. In RAID 0, the data is split in to stripes and is stored independently on different drives. The data is read or transferred parallely and this increases the speed of RAID 0 system. Basically, for such a system, redundancy or fail safe is zero or does not exist. In RAID 0, error checking is not implemented. So, one cannot check for errors in his data in a RAID 0 system.
More number of drives increases the speed with which one can access or write data incredibly. But if even one drive fails in a RAID 0 system, the entire information stored on all the three drives is lost because the data is stored in divided blocks. To put it simply, if you are storing a movie file on a RAID 0 system, some part of the movie is stored on drive one, some of it is stored on other drive and remaining part on remaining drives. So, even if one drive fails, one part of your movie is destroyed. And as a result, the integrity of your movie file is disrupted. So, you cannot play the file.
RAID 0 implementation is used in gaming servers where there is no need for a failsafe, but the only need is higher speed. If you notice that one hard drive among your RAID 0 system is failing, you should immediately back up the drive, or remove the drive from RAID 0 system by copying the data on that drives to other drives of RAID 0 system. In this way, one can protect their data from a hard disk failure. In case of a failed hard drive in a RAID 0 system, it is not impossible to recover the data but it is not even easy. The data from the failed hard drive disks can be collected by specialized professionals and some softwares. Then that data can be added to the existing RAID 0 system.
There are other RAID implementations like RAID 1, 2, 3 and so on till 6. Some of these are built strictly for data security such as RAID 1. This implementation needs at least two identical hard drives. RAID 1 mirrors the data stored on one drive on to the other, so that in case of failure, a back-up is immediately available.
By: Sandeep Mahanthi
More number of drives increases the speed with which one can access or write data incredibly. But if even one drive fails in a RAID 0 system, the entire information stored on all the three drives is lost because the data is stored in divided blocks. To put it simply, if you are storing a movie file on a RAID 0 system, some part of the movie is stored on drive one, some of it is stored on other drive and remaining part on remaining drives. So, even if one drive fails, one part of your movie is destroyed. And as a result, the integrity of your movie file is disrupted. So, you cannot play the file.
RAID 0 implementation is used in gaming servers where there is no need for a failsafe, but the only need is higher speed. If you notice that one hard drive among your RAID 0 system is failing, you should immediately back up the drive, or remove the drive from RAID 0 system by copying the data on that drives to other drives of RAID 0 system. In this way, one can protect their data from a hard disk failure. In case of a failed hard drive in a RAID 0 system, it is not impossible to recover the data but it is not even easy. The data from the failed hard drive disks can be collected by specialized professionals and some softwares. Then that data can be added to the existing RAID 0 system.
There are other RAID implementations like RAID 1, 2, 3 and so on till 6. Some of these are built strictly for data security such as RAID 1. This implementation needs at least two identical hard drives. RAID 1 mirrors the data stored on one drive on to the other, so that in case of failure, a back-up is immediately available.
By: Sandeep Mahanthi
Computer RAM Memory and Its Significance
Computer RAM or random-access memory is one kind of computer memory that can be used indiscriminately. It acts as the main memory of the computer system. It allows accessing any byte without the interference to its prior bytes. It is mostly the common type of memory used in computer systems and sometimes in printers. Generally, two types of RAM are available, namely- DRAM or Dynamic random-access memory, and the other is SRAM or Static random-access memory.
DRAM is widely used because of its availability and cheap cost, while SRAM is relatively expensive but faster than DRAM. For DRAM, it is necessary to refresh the system continuously whereas, SRAM doesn’t require any refreshing. Moreover, the data transfer rate is faster in SRAM rather than DRAM. However, you should pick your desired RAM according to your budget.
DRAM is widely used because of its availability and cheap cost, while SRAM is relatively expensive but faster than DRAM. For DRAM, it is necessary to refresh the system continuously whereas, SRAM doesn’t require any refreshing. Moreover, the data transfer rate is faster in SRAM rather than DRAM. However, you should pick your desired RAM according to your budget.
Sony’s contribution to tape drive storage: AIT which means Advanced Intelligent Tape
Advanced Intelligent Tape or better known as AIT is a high speed data format which is used for storage of digital data on tape drives. AIT was discontinued by Sony in 2010 and Sony announced its collaboration with HP on development of DDR tape drive format. AIT used a cassette similar to Video8. Super AIT or SAIT is an advanced and a high capacity variant of the normal AIT tape drive. Both AIT and SAIT use helical scan method for data transfer similar to VCR device. AIT technology is primarily available in two physical form factors. One is AIT –8 mm which uses a dual reel cartridge tape drive and is similar to Sony's 8 mm videotape products and Exabyte's 8 mm data tape products. The second product is SAIT ½ inch form which used a single reel cartridge and was similar to DLT and LTO. Several generations of AIT technology are backwards and forward compatible with each other. This is one of the outstanding features of AIT technology.
Let us take a small peek in to many generations of AIT technology developed.
AIT 1: Originally, AIT 1 specification supported 25 GB of uncompressed data storage with a data transfer speed of nearly 3 MB per second. By extending the tape drive’s length, the data storage was improved in modified versions. AIT 1 was further developed to achieve speeds of 4 MB per second and also 6 MB per second and was called AIT Turbo. An economic version named AIT E Turbo was released with storage spaces of about 40 GB. AIT’s main competitor was DDS technology which was also one of the widely popular Tape Drive storage technologies.
AIT 2: The capacity and the speeds were doubled when compared to AIT 1. A new technology called WORM was introduced which meant Write once Read many. The turbo variant of AIT 2 had double the speed of AIT 2 and about 50 per cent more storage space.
AIT 3: This had double the capacity and data transfer speeds of AIT 2. The Ex version has 50 % more space and 100 % more speed than AIT 3.
AIT 4: Again, the capacity and data transfer speeds were doubled when compared to AIT 3. Different chemical composition was used for the tape for improvement in performance. This generation of AIT is not compatible with the previous ones.
AIT 5: The same double the capacity and speed factor of Sony’s AIT is repeated. This was the last generation of AIT.
By: Sandeep Mahanthi
Let us take a small peek in to many generations of AIT technology developed.
AIT 1: Originally, AIT 1 specification supported 25 GB of uncompressed data storage with a data transfer speed of nearly 3 MB per second. By extending the tape drive’s length, the data storage was improved in modified versions. AIT 1 was further developed to achieve speeds of 4 MB per second and also 6 MB per second and was called AIT Turbo. An economic version named AIT E Turbo was released with storage spaces of about 40 GB. AIT’s main competitor was DDS technology which was also one of the widely popular Tape Drive storage technologies.
AIT 2: The capacity and the speeds were doubled when compared to AIT 1. A new technology called WORM was introduced which meant Write once Read many. The turbo variant of AIT 2 had double the speed of AIT 2 and about 50 per cent more storage space.
AIT 3: This had double the capacity and data transfer speeds of AIT 2. The Ex version has 50 % more space and 100 % more speed than AIT 3.
AIT 4: Again, the capacity and data transfer speeds were doubled when compared to AIT 3. Different chemical composition was used for the tape for improvement in performance. This generation of AIT is not compatible with the previous ones.
AIT 5: The same double the capacity and speed factor of Sony’s AIT is repeated. This was the last generation of AIT.
By: Sandeep Mahanthi
Flash Memory And It's Use
[tentblogger-youtube l8fxwbUyiLk]
Flash memory is a kind of computer storage media that is also non-volatile in nature. It consists of a number of memory cells where the information is stored. Usually, in each cell just one bit of data is stored. But newer flash memories are available that are capable of storing more than one bit of information.
There are various types of flash memories with different capacity and transfer rates.
Flash memory is reliable for data storage in various electronic devices such as computers, printers, game consoles and digital cameras. BIOS chips in motherboards, Compact Flash, Smart Media and Memory Stick for digital cameras and different memory cards for game consoles use flash memory. Nowadays, flash memory is also known as solid state storage device that is used in a similar way we use a hard drive.
By: Raihan
Flash memory is a kind of computer storage media that is also non-volatile in nature. It consists of a number of memory cells where the information is stored. Usually, in each cell just one bit of data is stored. But newer flash memories are available that are capable of storing more than one bit of information.
There are various types of flash memories with different capacity and transfer rates.
Flash memory is reliable for data storage in various electronic devices such as computers, printers, game consoles and digital cameras. BIOS chips in motherboards, Compact Flash, Smart Media and Memory Stick for digital cameras and different memory cards for game consoles use flash memory. Nowadays, flash memory is also known as solid state storage device that is used in a similar way we use a hard drive.
By: Raihan
4 mm DAT tape drives and their use in back up devices:
A tape drive is relatively an older generation of storage technologies. DAT stands for Digital Audio Tape. The storage of digital data on these tapes gives rise to a computer data storage format known as DDS which means Digital Data Storage. Several versions of DDS were developed and some of these versions are still in use in the present day modern backup technology. 4 mm DAT drives and other DAT drives were used under DDS specification in a robust cockpit voice and flight data recorders as a black box for the flights, jets and aeroplanes. These are also used is several other applications where data storage with other technologies becomes unreliable.
A DDS tape drive uses helical scanning for recording the data. This is the same process that is used by VCR recorders. If any errors are found in the data stored, the write head rewrites the data. DDS generally uses a 3.8 mm wide tape drive for recording the data. However, in the newer versions of DDS, the tape width has been extended up to as much as 8 mm wide. Tape drives are sensitive to various physical conditions like dust and moisture. So, these tape drives must be cleaned regularly for efficient performance. Otherwise, the data stored might be at risk due to the physical destruction caused to the drive. Companies such as Seagate, HP and others manufacture these tape drives for back up storage purposes.
There are various generations of DDS specifications. Let us have a look at them.
DDS-1: This was the first generation of DDS and it is most commonly known as just DDS. This technology offered 1.3 GB of uncompressed data storage with a 60 meter long tape drive. When the data is compressed, the data stored can be doubled, that is 2.6 GB of compressed data. More data capacity can be achieved by using more length of tape.
DDS-2: This offered 4 GB uncompressed and 8 GB compressed data on a 120 meter long tape drive.
DDS-3: 12 GB uncompressed and 24 GB compressed data on 125 m drive. DDS 3 also uses advanced technology that minimises the electric noise and helps for cleaner data recording.
DDS-4 20 GB uncompressed and 40 GB compressed data on 150 m drive. Also known as DAT 40.
DAT 72: It was developed by HP and Certance. It offers 36 GB uncompressed with 72 GB compressed amount of data storage.
DAT 160 and DAT 320 are other generations which offered 80 GB and 160 GB of uncompressed data respectively. When compressed, double the amount of data can be stored. These latest devices have host interfaces for connecting through SCSI, USB and other standards.
By: Sandeep Mahanthi
A DDS tape drive uses helical scanning for recording the data. This is the same process that is used by VCR recorders. If any errors are found in the data stored, the write head rewrites the data. DDS generally uses a 3.8 mm wide tape drive for recording the data. However, in the newer versions of DDS, the tape width has been extended up to as much as 8 mm wide. Tape drives are sensitive to various physical conditions like dust and moisture. So, these tape drives must be cleaned regularly for efficient performance. Otherwise, the data stored might be at risk due to the physical destruction caused to the drive. Companies such as Seagate, HP and others manufacture these tape drives for back up storage purposes.
There are various generations of DDS specifications. Let us have a look at them.
DDS-1: This was the first generation of DDS and it is most commonly known as just DDS. This technology offered 1.3 GB of uncompressed data storage with a 60 meter long tape drive. When the data is compressed, the data stored can be doubled, that is 2.6 GB of compressed data. More data capacity can be achieved by using more length of tape.
DDS-2: This offered 4 GB uncompressed and 8 GB compressed data on a 120 meter long tape drive.
DDS-3: 12 GB uncompressed and 24 GB compressed data on 125 m drive. DDS 3 also uses advanced technology that minimises the electric noise and helps for cleaner data recording.
DDS-4 20 GB uncompressed and 40 GB compressed data on 150 m drive. Also known as DAT 40.
DAT 72: It was developed by HP and Certance. It offers 36 GB uncompressed with 72 GB compressed amount of data storage.
DAT 160 and DAT 320 are other generations which offered 80 GB and 160 GB of uncompressed data respectively. When compressed, double the amount of data can be stored. These latest devices have host interfaces for connecting through SCSI, USB and other standards.
By: Sandeep Mahanthi
Advantages of Flash Memory Cards
Flash memory (compact flash memory) is a non volatile storage memory. It has been developed from EEPROM and uses NAND and NOR memory types. This kind of memory is rising in its popularity due to its fairly high speed and reliability. Flash memory does not have any moving mechanical parts like hard drives. They are available in compact physical forms like memory cards, usb drives etc.
USB portable flash drives are found to significantly increase the speed of booting and reduce boot time. They are shock resistant and are not affected by interference as badly as hard drives. This kind of technology is available in compact usb datastick forms which is the size of a keychain. It is a high speed memory and it can be connected to the computer through usb interface.
Flash is now the kind of memory used in mobile devices. They are also available in minute physical forms like memory cards which are very thin and small.
USB portable flash drives are found to significantly increase the speed of booting and reduce boot time. They are shock resistant and are not affected by interference as badly as hard drives. This kind of technology is available in compact usb datastick forms which is the size of a keychain. It is a high speed memory and it can be connected to the computer through usb interface.
Flash is now the kind of memory used in mobile devices. They are also available in minute physical forms like memory cards which are very thin and small.
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