ROM stands for Read only memory. ROM devices are usually those memory modules which have been fabricated with data permanently. But in most modern ROMs the data stored can be modified slowly and is difficult when compared to other memories.
So, ROM chips are used in places where there is a very little need for the modification of the data stored. ROM is mostly used in the development of firmware memory modules as firmware does not need frequent updates.
Floppy, CDs and DVDs are also a type of ROM although erasable CDs and DVDs exist. But to modify data in a rewritable CD or DVD, the disk should be completely erased and then modified unlike Hard Drives in which the data can be modified without having to erase the entire content. The erasable ROM devices are in their highest form with the NAND flash memory which is being used as a storage substitute in many applications.
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Sunday, December 25, 2011
Graphics Cards – How Much Memory Do They Need?
When advertising, numbers always demonstrate the idea of improvement in a very simple and understandable way. Like, version 2.0 is better than version 1.0 and 4GB RAM is better than 3GB. This is because more is better and it’s a truth that is accepted throughout the universe.
But the real world is not that simple. Graphics cards
manufacturers use the RAM as a marketing tool. They put gigabytes of memory in a card that has too low a processing power to even use that amount of memory. These GPUs don’t have the necessary power to run games at resolutions and detail levels that would require such huge amount of RAM. So, a low end card doesn’t need gigs of memory when it can not even use it. High end cards have proper power that is needed to run high configuration games and they need a large amount of RAM to do so.
But the real world is not that simple. Graphics cards
manufacturers use the RAM as a marketing tool. They put gigabytes of memory in a card that has too low a processing power to even use that amount of memory. These GPUs don’t have the necessary power to run games at resolutions and detail levels that would require such huge amount of RAM. So, a low end card doesn’t need gigs of memory when it can not even use it. High end cards have proper power that is needed to run high configuration games and they need a large amount of RAM to do so.
Types of Computer Memories
We have come a long way from the days when heavy tape drives were used to store information to hand held little devices available today. Computer memory is nothing but the collection of data on physical devices in a digital format i:e 0's and 1's.
To classify memory, there are two types broadly, one is volatile and the other is non volatile. As their name suggests, volatile memory can store information only till it is supplied with electric energy and non volatile memory can retain the information even after the supply is disconnected.
In present day computers, RAM is a volatile but high speed memory, while Hard Drives are non volatile but low speed memory. There are many types of volatile and non volatile memories that have been developed. Among them, Different types of RAM like SDRAM, DDR, DDR2, DDR3 etc stand for volatile and flash drives, hard disks and optical storage devices are a few types that come under the non volatile category.
To classify memory, there are two types broadly, one is volatile and the other is non volatile. As their name suggests, volatile memory can store information only till it is supplied with electric energy and non volatile memory can retain the information even after the supply is disconnected.
In present day computers, RAM is a volatile but high speed memory, while Hard Drives are non volatile but low speed memory. There are many types of volatile and non volatile memories that have been developed. Among them, Different types of RAM like SDRAM, DDR, DDR2, DDR3 etc stand for volatile and flash drives, hard disks and optical storage devices are a few types that come under the non volatile category.
Think ThinkPad Laptop Notebook Computer
ThinkPad is a brand of notebook computers from electronics manufacturing firm Lenovo
. Originally produced by IBM, the ThinkPad series has been continually updated over the years to include the latest computer hardware and operating systems, making them appropriate for professional and personal users alike.
Net helps to know about existing value of the laptop computers with latest specs. By clicking online links one can redirect to official website and images are very amazing makes buyers to give order and also to facilitate the consumers all support supplied by traders. Catalogs given on the internet web sites aid to get needed facts and comparison of costs over on-line web-sites were an additional approach for picking ideal site.
The ThinkPad laptop computer was created with Bluetooth, wi-fi accessibility technologies to give a lot more benefit for organization agents and to make field transfer simpler. Every laptop in this series has included a color LCD (liquid crystal display) screen, with newer models featuring screens capable of displaying higher resolutions and greater color gamut. These computers are traditionally black, though models have used various materials including titanium, plastic and magnesium alloys in their construction. This gives ThinkPads a durable case, making them attractive to professionals for field use.
Known for their reliability, quality, durability, and performance, these laptops are popular with large businesses and schools. The ThinkPad has also been used in space, and is the only laptop certified for use on the International Space Station. Technology critics have cited the units rigid, durable construction, reliability and overall value. New models have been quick to adopt the latest processors or input and output ports, earning further praise. One complaint is the fact that ThinkPad designs have changed very little, with current models resembling old, outdated machines.
By: Ethel
. Originally produced by IBM, the ThinkPad series has been continually updated over the years to include the latest computer hardware and operating systems, making them appropriate for professional and personal users alike.Net helps to know about existing value of the laptop computers with latest specs. By clicking online links one can redirect to official website and images are very amazing makes buyers to give order and also to facilitate the consumers all support supplied by traders. Catalogs given on the internet web sites aid to get needed facts and comparison of costs over on-line web-sites were an additional approach for picking ideal site.
The ThinkPad laptop computer was created with Bluetooth, wi-fi accessibility technologies to give a lot more benefit for organization agents and to make field transfer simpler. Every laptop in this series has included a color LCD (liquid crystal display) screen, with newer models featuring screens capable of displaying higher resolutions and greater color gamut. These computers are traditionally black, though models have used various materials including titanium, plastic and magnesium alloys in their construction. This gives ThinkPads a durable case, making them attractive to professionals for field use.
Known for their reliability, quality, durability, and performance, these laptops are popular with large businesses and schools. The ThinkPad has also been used in space, and is the only laptop certified for use on the International Space Station. Technology critics have cited the units rigid, durable construction, reliability and overall value. New models have been quick to adopt the latest processors or input and output ports, earning further praise. One complaint is the fact that ThinkPad designs have changed very little, with current models resembling old, outdated machines.
By: Ethel
Why Should We Use Smartcards?
Windows 7 and other 3rd party softwares also use Smart cards for a variety of reasons including: authentication, access control, and for single sign-on for many different systems.
Most of the Smartcards
don't allow the private key to be exported and it is difficult to remove. These products are often used for single sign-on. Single sign-on means that one sign-on is used for many independent systems like using your smartcard in logging on to your building, in Windows and in Unix systems.
One problem with these types of cards is when you let your friends or family use it making them access to your system without your approval but this can be avoided because of Multi Factor Authentication used by Windows 7. Multi Factor Authentication means having two or more systems are for authentication.
Most of the Smartcards
don't allow the private key to be exported and it is difficult to remove. These products are often used for single sign-on. Single sign-on means that one sign-on is used for many independent systems like using your smartcard in logging on to your building, in Windows and in Unix systems.One problem with these types of cards is when you let your friends or family use it making them access to your system without your approval but this can be avoided because of Multi Factor Authentication used by Windows 7. Multi Factor Authentication means having two or more systems are for authentication.
Information about RAM
RAM
or Random Access Memory is used to hold the information needed to make your computer work and start. When you switch the power on, it reads all information which is needed to start one of the hard drives into memory and once the window is loaded, the computers loads the different applications stored in it.
The reason for this is because computer RAM is a hundred times faster than a hard drive which allows the computer to perform faster. 2GB of RAM is recommended if you want to store photo and video files always. Speed of RAM is measured in MHz or MHz. Another speed is the CAS speed which is measured in Nano seconds or ns.
or Random Access Memory is used to hold the information needed to make your computer work and start. When you switch the power on, it reads all information which is needed to start one of the hard drives into memory and once the window is loaded, the computers loads the different applications stored in it.The reason for this is because computer RAM is a hundred times faster than a hard drive which allows the computer to perform faster. 2GB of RAM is recommended if you want to store photo and video files always. Speed of RAM is measured in MHz or MHz. Another speed is the CAS speed which is measured in Nano seconds or ns.
Think ThinkPad Laptop Notebook Computer
ThinkPad is a brand of notebook computers from electronics manufacturing firm Lenovo. Originally produced by IBM, the ThinkPad series has been continually updated over the years to include the latest computer hardware and operating systems, making them appropriate for professional and personal users alike.
Net helps to know about existing value of the laptop computers with latest specs. By clicking online links one can redirect to official website and images are very amazing makes buyers to give order and also to facilitate the consumers all support supplied by traders. Catalogs given on the internet web sites aid to get needed facts and comparison of costs over on-line web-sites were an additional approach for picking ideal site.
The ThinkPad laptop computer was created with Bluetooth, wi-fi accessibility technologies to give a lot more benefit for organization agents and to make field transfer simpler. Every laptop in this series has included a color LCD (liquid crystal display) screen, with newer models featuring screens capable of displaying higher resolutions and greater color gamut. These computers are traditionally black, though models have used various materials including titanium, plastic and magnesium alloys in their construction. This gives ThinkPads a durable case, making them attractive to professionals for field use.
Known for their reliability, quality, durability, and performance, these laptops are popular with large businesses and schools. The ThinkPad has also been used in space, and is the only laptop certified for use on the International Space Station. Technology critics have cited the units rigid, durable construction, reliability and overall value. New models have been quick to adopt the latest processors or input and output ports, earning further praise. One complaint is the fact that ThinkPad designs have changed very little, with current models resembling old, outdated machines.
By: Ethel
. Originally produced by IBM, the ThinkPad series has been continually updated over the years to include the latest computer hardware and operating systems, making them appropriate for professional and personal users alike.Net helps to know about existing value of the laptop computers with latest specs. By clicking online links one can redirect to official website and images are very amazing makes buyers to give order and also to facilitate the consumers all support supplied by traders. Catalogs given on the internet web sites aid to get needed facts and comparison of costs over on-line web-sites were an additional approach for picking ideal site.
The ThinkPad laptop computer was created with Bluetooth, wi-fi accessibility technologies to give a lot more benefit for organization agents and to make field transfer simpler. Every laptop in this series has included a color LCD (liquid crystal display) screen, with newer models featuring screens capable of displaying higher resolutions and greater color gamut. These computers are traditionally black, though models have used various materials including titanium, plastic and magnesium alloys in their construction. This gives ThinkPads a durable case, making them attractive to professionals for field use.
Known for their reliability, quality, durability, and performance, these laptops are popular with large businesses and schools. The ThinkPad has also been used in space, and is the only laptop certified for use on the International Space Station. Technology critics have cited the units rigid, durable construction, reliability and overall value. New models have been quick to adopt the latest processors or input and output ports, earning further praise. One complaint is the fact that ThinkPad designs have changed very little, with current models resembling old, outdated machines.
By: Ethel
Difference of DRAM from SRAM
DRAM or Dynamic Random Access Memory is the main memory and needs constant refreshing making it slower while SRAM or Static Access Random Memory is the cache memory that does not need refreshing but it is thus more expensive.
DRAM is physically stored on Dual Inline Memory Module (DIMMs) having a 64 bit path that uses EDO or Extended Data Output and (Single Inline Memory Module) SIMMs with a data path of 32 bits and comes in a variety of ways such as PFM or the Fast Page Mode while SRAM is housed on the system board on Cash on a Stick (COAST) modules or single chips or included inside the processor case.
CPUs-Have a Quick Look
Central Processing Unit (CPU) or in other words, the Processor, is recognized as the brain of a computer system. All the instructions, calculations, logical and arithmetic operations, and I/O operations are performed and executed from this unit. The fundamental operation includes the execution of some instructions stored in the physical memory, which is also called a program. A program consists of some series of numbers arranged in a logical form.
For any kind of CPUs, the basic steps of operations are the same. Generally, those are represented as fetch, decode, execute and mark back. Firstly, the fetch step recovers the stored instructions from the memory, and then the decoding step decodes the instruction for creating a significant signal to the different parts of the CPU. After that, execution takes place, in this step; various parts of the CPU join themselves accordingly to perform the requested task.
Finally, in the mark back step, it marks or writes the instruction found in the execution step in a form of memory for quick future operation. Processors from different brands like Intel, AMD, Compaq, Samsung, Dell, Ncr, Alcatel, are available for an affordable price.
For any kind of CPUs, the basic steps of operations are the same. Generally, those are represented as fetch, decode, execute and mark back. Firstly, the fetch step recovers the stored instructions from the memory, and then the decoding step decodes the instruction for creating a significant signal to the different parts of the CPU. After that, execution takes place, in this step; various parts of the CPU join themselves accordingly to perform the requested task.
Finally, in the mark back step, it marks or writes the instruction found in the execution step in a form of memory for quick future operation. Processors from different brands like Intel, AMD, Compaq, Samsung, Dell, Ncr, Alcatel, are available for an affordable price.
Why Should We Use Smartcards?
Windows 7 and other 3rd party softwares also use Smart cards for a variety of reasons including: authentication, access control, and for single sign-on for many different systems.
Most of the Smartcards don't allow the private key to be exported and it is difficult to remove. These products are often used for single sign-on. Single sign-on means that one sign-on is used for many independent systems like using your smartcard in logging on to your building, in Windows and in Unix systems.
One problem with these types of cards is when you let your friends or family use it making them access to your system without your approval but this can be avoided because of Multi Factor Authentication used by Windows 7. Multi Factor Authentication means having two or more systems are for authentication.
Most of the Smartcards
don't allow the private key to be exported and it is difficult to remove. These products are often used for single sign-on. Single sign-on means that one sign-on is used for many independent systems like using your smartcard in logging on to your building, in Windows and in Unix systems.One problem with these types of cards is when you let your friends or family use it making them access to your system without your approval but this can be avoided because of Multi Factor Authentication used by Windows 7. Multi Factor Authentication means having two or more systems are for authentication.
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